The intricacy of calculating the electrical wiring of a country house only at first glance seems complicated and inaccessible. It is enough to study the electrician's manual and try to calculate the wiring using online calculation on the computer. This program is called: "Electrician 6.6". Then much will become simple and clear, like the forgotten Ohm Law. Do you want to calculate the wiring yourself?
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How to start electricity supply at home
The primary task in the design of a country house is its electricity supply. From the correctly chosen scheme of power supply, the correctness of the working capacity of lighting and heating appliances will depend.
However, it is not possible to make the installation of the electrical wiring in the house at personal discretion, because the power supply of a country house must comply with the PUE and is regulated by GOST R. 50571.10-96 "Electrical installations of buildings". Therefore, tune in to a long and tedious chain of licensing and coordination activities called the Energy Supply Project.
To begin with, it is necessary to obtain technical conditions for electricity supply, in which it is reasoned, it is indicated the need for it. In order for desires to coincide with material and technical capabilities, it is necessary to contact specialized design organizations that carry out the design of electricity supply.
It is necessary to remember that you should pay to those firms and organizations that have the right and have a license to maintain this type of design. The project coordinated with the owner of the Electric Networks will serve as the basis for the start of the electrical installation works. However, it is not meaningful to start electrical engineering work until the house's electrical wiring is calculated and the connection to the power line is made.
Connection to general electrical networks
The connection to the transmission line is carried out by specialists of the Energy Supervision Authority under an agreed project. The connection is made by air using an insulated cable (self-supporting insulated wire), in accordance with PES.
Input air lines are attached to the capital construction of a country house using insulators, pipes or brackets. The location of the input lines should be near the electricity meter. At this stage, the power supply of a private house can face a power consumption limitation.
This is the power limit for homes:
• in holiday villages - 3 kW.
• in settlements - 6 kW.
• in new cottage houses - 20 kW.
If the power consumption limit is exceeded, it is possible to use secondary automation that provides the work of consumers.
The most demanded scheme of power supply at home is a single-phase scheme. With a significant number of powerful household appliances and energy consumption exceeding 4 kWh, a three-phase connection scheme (three linear and one neutral wire) is used.
Number of wires of the input cable for a single-phase input connection scheme is 2, for a three-phase circuit - 4.
After connecting to the power grid, it's time to think: "How to calculate the wiring in the house."
Calculation of electrical wiring at a country house
The calculation of electrical wiring should take into account the necessary number of used equipment, its type and nomenclature, as well as power and specification. The total calculation of the power consumption of electrical appliances in a country house is as follows:
• The rated power of all electrical appliances and equipment is calculated
• the resulting figure is multiplied by a "simultaneity factor" of 0.7
• the resulting value will indicate the load, in the value of which it is necessary to put a reserve of power.
calculating the power of electrical appliances in the house
The calculation of electrical wiring is based on the power of household electrical appliances used in the house. In a country house this is the minimum set of household electrical appliances, so the total power consumption will be negligible. Household heaters have this power:
• electric heater - 2 kW
• electric kettle - 2 kW
• TV - 1 kW
• refrigerator - 0,7 kW
• home lighting - 0,5 kW
• household electrical appliances.
Thus, with a minimum set of electrical appliances, the power consumption is about 8 kW. The estimated area of a single-story country house consisting of 2-3 rooms is 35 sq.m. Multiply the calculated power by a factor of 0.7 and get the figure 4.8.
We divide conditionally future electrical wiring in the house into such groups:
• lighting rooms in the house
• Sockets of rooms (1 outlet per room)
• outlet of the corridor.
For illumination and outlets of rooms it is necessary to take into account the peak load in the evening hours, as well as on weekends.
selection of the cable section of the house wiring
Having determined the power consumption of the electrical appliances of a country house, and taking into account the voltage of the house network, it is possible to calculate the amount of current that will flow through the cable and choose its cross section. To calculate the current value, use the well-known formula: I = W / U,
where: I is the load
W - total power of electrical appliances
U - mains voltage is 220 V.
Based on the calculated current value, the minimum cable cross-sections are selected. Traditionally, rosette groups use a three-core cable. The minimum cross-section of one conductor is 2.5 mm2, for lighting use a cable of a similar type with a cross section of 1.5 mm2.
Then, a wiring diagram for each room is drawn.
How to calculate the distance of a cable using a personal computer, shown in this video.
Connection of electric consumers
When connecting electrical consumers in the house use copper and aluminum wires. It is allowed to cut a copper cable not less than 6 sq. Mm, and an aluminum one not less than 16 sq. M. For carrying out of illumination it is possible to use a cable cross-section up to 1,5 кв.ммм.
For the most powerful consumers in a country house (in our case it is an electric heater), it will be necessary to conduct a wire with a cross section of 4 mm, which is located directly from the switchboard.
Selection of electrical protection equipment
Everything would be lovely when calculating the wiring in the house, if not for the possibility of emergencies and short-circuit currents. Therefore, it is recommended to select an RCD and differential for groups of power networks and lighting groups. Therefore, switching the lighting of each individual room is done in junction boxes.
To protect against overloads it is recommended to use automatic devices with a rating of up to 10 A.
Thus, for a single-story country house of 2-3 rooms, an area of 35 sq.m. You can make the installation of electrical wiring by yourself.
The final stage of wiring is grounding.
Grounding
According to the regulated safety standards, a country house should have a grounding loop. For earthing installation, existing earthing switches are used - metal and reinforced concrete structures, which have direct contact with the ground.
The connection of the earthing switches is a bolted connection with a copper conductor. It must be remembered that the cross-section of the grounding cable must be equal to the cross-section of the supply wire, namely 25 sq. M. The resistance of the earth conductor should ideally not exceed 4 ohms.
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