The choice of the foundation for building a house can be compared with a picky choice of the bride: that was that foundation sound, durable, reliable and ... inexpensive. What are the criteria for evaluation?
Content
Choosing a foundation for construction
The main building structure, perceiving loads from the overlying building elements with their distribution on the ground, is the foundation. Therefore, the types of foundations and the material of manufacture are chosen carefully, according to certain selection criteria.
How to choose the right foundation for building a house?
Fundamental knowledge
Knowledge of building structures naturally begin with a foundation. "Fundamental" knowledge has not harmed anyone, especially the building structures of buildings and structures and those who choose the foundation under the house.
By appointment, the following types of foundations are distinguished, which characterize their application:
• carrier
• combined
• deep setting
• shallow
• antiseismic.
According to the material used in the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to distinguish such types:
• stone
• Reinforced concrete
• quarry
• brick
• wood
• Reinforced concrete.
The main criteria that must be followed when choosing a foundation are:
• depth of soil freezing in the area
• type of soil and physical and mechanical properties of soils
• water saturation and subsidence of soils
• seismological data of the area.
Thanks to the accumulated knowledge obtained by the laboratory and research way, as well as the results of soil tests, it is possible to make a conclusion about the choice of the type of foundation.
Types of foundations
For the construction of houses in particular, the following types of foundations are used:
• Ribbon
• columnar
• tiled
• Piles.
The reason band type of foundation is a steel tape buried in the ground, which takes the entire load of the structure. As the basis for the tape are foundation slabs of reinforced concrete. Tape foundation is the most in demand for the construction of houses or cottages due to the ease of installation, the durability of the structure and the powerful ability to withstand loads. The erected buildings on the ribbon foundation can have more than two floors. The planned construction can be made of reinforced concrete slabs or blocks and bricks.
Columnar The foundation is a structure consisting of pillars immersed in the soil at a given depth and connected by beams. The most popular type of foundation for one or two-story houses, built from "light" building materials. This foundation is preferable to use on the ground, which practically does not undergo constant temperature changes. The construction of the columnar foundation is cheaper than the tape base, due to the minimal area of contact with the ground.
Tiled foundations are monolithic reinforced slabs, which are laid in the ground. The structural load for this type of foundation is distributed evenly over all areas of the stacked slabs. Most preferably, the use of such a foundation on "dysfunctional" soils, which have high subsidence and fluidity. Used for erecting multi-storey houses and cottages. This type of foundation is expensive and laborious earthwork.
The pile foundations are used for "weak" soils and is a structure consisting of clogged piles, connected by a beam or reinforced concrete slab. Pile foundations have found application in the construction of multi-storey buildings. They have a high cost of work, because special equipment is used to install the piles.
The foundations for the construction of houses are distinguished depending on the technology:
• prefabricated
• monolithic
• prefabricated-monolithic.
The choice of the type of foundation is always confirmed by calculation.
How to calculate the foundation
In the calculation of the foundation include a reasonable depth of foundation, the geometric dimensions of the foundation, taking into account the stability and strength characteristics of the materials used.
The depth of the basement (basement) foundation depends on the factors that are fundamental:
• The estimated depth of soil freezing
• technological and constructive solutions
• engineering and geological surveys
• hydrogeological surveys
• Storey of the building under construction
• the presence of a number of constructed buildings or structures and paved utility lines
• terrain and special climatic conditions.
According to construction norms and rules, the minimum depth of foundation of the basement is 0.5 m. From the level of the layout of the structure. For a bearing engineering-geological element (IGE), the depth requirement is 0.2 m.
Determination of the geometric dimensions of the foundation is carried out according to the following algorithm:
• The load is collected on the base from above the foundation and below it (calculation of vertical loads, tipping torque and shear forces);
• the pressure is determined on the base of the foundation and a correlation comparison with the accepted values is made
• calculations are made for punching with the calculation of the thickness of the foundation cushion
• depth compaction is calculated and the strength of the underlying layer
• The coefficient of shrinkage of the foundation, as well as the associated components (mean, absolute and relative shrinkage) is determined.
When calculating the foundation, computation of stability for various types of deformation of the base is mandatory. This is the calculation for rollover, shear, deflection, roll and twisting of the basement foundation. Agree that without special knowledge such calculations can not be made.
Thus, the calculated data obtained are compared with the data given in the SNiP. Based on the confirmed data, the type and design of the selected foundations is adjusted or changed.
Calculations of foundations is a rather complicated process, therefore it is recommended to contact specialized project organizations that will calculate accurately accurately using the settlement programs for MS for these purposes.
We recommend using the advice of a professional master who will tell you about the rationale for choosing a shallow deck foundation for the construction of a house.
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